Which type of error is characterized by consistent, repeatable discrepancies in survey measurements?

Systematic errors are characterized by consistent and repeatable discrepancies that occur in survey measurements. These errors are often due to flaws in the measurement process or the equipment being used, leading to consistent bias in the results. Unlike random errors, which can vary from one measurement to another and are typically influenced by unpredictable factors such as environmental conditions, systematic errors follow a predictable pattern.

For instance, if a particular instrument is miscalibrated, all measurements taken with that instrument might consistently be off by a certain amount, resulting in systematic errors. Identifying and correcting for these errors is crucial in geodetic engineering to ensure accuracy and reliability in measurements and results.

In contrast, random errors are unpredictable and arise from various uncontrollable factors, while instrumental errors refer specifically to inaccuracies due to equipment malfunctions or calibration issues. Observational errors encompass inaccuracies resulting from human error during measurement but do not necessarily imply a systematic bias. Thus, the defining characteristic of systematic errors is their consistent nature, making them distinct from the other types of errors mentioned.